尼日尔三角洲东部深水区构造特征及其形成机理     

赵江  王秋良  卢圣力  付博  杜峰 《大地测量与地球动力学》2019,39(7):691-695

研究尼日尔三角洲东部深水区块发现，整个盆地从陆向洋具有3个大的构造分区：伸展拉张区、过渡区和挤压逆冲区。伸展区以大型同沉积断层伴生大量滚动背斜构造为特征，过渡区发育大量泥底辟构造，挤压区以复杂的逆冲叠瓦构造为主。通过分析形成机理，揭示东部深水转换带上M研究区构造特征，按构造的演化特征将该区构造分为泥底辟型、冲断-泥底辟混合型、逆冲型3种类型，提出研究区内的圈闭主要以构造-岩性圈闭为主，为尼日尔三角洲盆地深水勘探提供新的理论指导。  相似文献   

剪切波分裂揭示的青藏高原上地壳地震各向异性基本特征          下载免费PDF全文

郭铁龙  高原 《地球物理学报》2020,63(3):1085-1103

青藏高原整体隆升,构造运动与介质变形强烈,然而由于地震观测数据不足,青藏高原内部上地壳各向异性研究一直是一个空白.本研究使用西藏地区的地震台网(2009年5月—2017年5月)的观测资料,利用剪切波分裂研究青藏高原上地壳地震各向异性特征.由于青藏高原固定地震台站分布稀疏,可用于进行剪切波分裂研究的近场地震事件记录稀少,本研究采用地震事件的单台定位技术,对公开的地震目录里没有震源深度数据的地震事件进行震源位置约束,并引入微震模板匹配定位方法,对连续地震波形进行检索,识别出地震目录里遗漏的新的微震(小地震)事件波形.微震识别获得的新地震事件记录是地震目录里报告的地震事件记录的大约6倍,用于补充研究区的剪切波分裂数据分析.通过数据分析,对比快波偏振方向,证实微震识别获得的数据极大地增加了有效数据的数量,提高了结果的可靠性.研究结果表明,雅鲁藏布江缝合带与班公—怒江缝合带之间的拉萨地块东部地区,台站的快剪切波(快波)偏振方向主要受区域应力场影响,快波偏振方向主要是NS或NNE方向,表明了区域最大主压应力方向;但个别地震台站(当雄台)快波偏振方向受原地主压应力影响,其快波偏振方向既不平行于断裂走向也不平行于区域主压应力方向,揭示出地壳介质的局部变形导致的局部应力方向不同于青藏块体里的其他地区.研究区西部的改则、普兰和研究区北部的双湖,快波偏振方向显示与断裂等构造走向一致的特点.研究区东部的昌都和察隅,快波偏振方向除了与断裂走向(或构造线)一致,还与地表运动的方向相同,揭示了青藏块体东部的深部物质可能的运移方向.这个现象虽然还需更多的研究证实,但这个发现的重要启示是,地震各向异性结合地表变形可用于探讨地壳深部物质的运动.  相似文献   

九寨沟M_S7.0地震地电阻率变化时空演化分析          下载免费PDF全文

王同利  崔博闻  叶青  李菊珍  王丽红  童琼 《地球物理学报》2020,63(6):2345-2356

本文应用归一化变化速率(NVRM)方法,研究了2017年九寨沟M_S7.0地震周边800km范围内25个地电阻率台站2012—2018年的连续观测数据,分析了震中区周围的地电阻率时、空演化过程.结果显示:(1)25个台站中共有14个台站在震前出现了地电阻率变化,结合本次地震震源机制等分析其时空变化,认为邻近地震破裂带的临夏、通渭、武都和宝鸡台地电阻率在震前出现了下降—折返回升型的变化,符合前人已总结的强地震前地电阻率的变化过程.(2)地震发生前震中区周围大区域内出现了地电阻率负异常变化,且以震中区为中心呈条带分布,异常区的长轴方向与地震断裂带走向或地震烈度分布的长轴方向几乎垂直,与地震主压应力轴方向吻合.本文认为九寨沟M_S7.0强震发生之前,震中区周围出现的区域性地电阻率异常空间丛集现象是很好的中期和短临前兆;地电阻率震前异常动态演化、各向异性等特征对认识本次强震发震断层活动以及震源区应力场分布有启示意义.  相似文献   

Dynamic loading tests and seismic response analysis of a stud-type damper composed of multiple friction units with disc springs     

Takeshi Sano  Kazutaka Shirai  Yasumasa Suzui  Yoshikazu Utsumi 《地震工程与结构动力学》2020,49(13):1259-1280

This paper presents an experimental study on the performance of a shear-sliding stud-type damper composed of multiple friction units with high-tension bolts and disc springs. A numerical evaluation of the response reduction effects achieved by the stud-type damper is also presented. In dynamic loading tests, the behavior of stud-type multiunit friction damper specimens was investigated. Three different full-scale damper specimens, which were composed of five, six, or seven friction units with two or four sliding surfaces, were incorporated into loading devices for testing. The stud-type friction dampers demonstrated stable rigid-plastic hysteresis loops without any remarkable decrease in the sliding force even when subjected to repetitive loading, in addition to showing no unstable behavior such as lateral buckling. The damper produced a total sliding force approximately proportional to the number of sliding surfaces and friction units. The total sliding force of the stud-type damper can thus be estimated by summing the contributions of each friction unit. In an earthquake response simulation, the control effects achieved by stud-type dampers incorporated into an analytical high-rise building model under various input waves, including long-period, long-duration and pulse-like ground motions, were evaluated. A satisfactory response reduction was obtained by installing the developed stud-type dampers into the main frame without negatively impacting usability and convenience in terms of building planning.  相似文献   

Modification and discussion of the Green-Ampt model for an evolving wetting profile   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Qiyong Zhang  Yuzhen Kong 《水文科学杂志》2020,65(12):2072-2082

ABSTRACT

The Green-Ampt (GA) model has been widely used to evaluate soil water infiltration. While a simple piston profile is commonly used, the wetting profile of a soil changes during infiltration and a quarter-ellipse has been found to better describe its evolution. This study aims to improve the GA model and discuss the model parameters when the quarter-ellipse profile is utilized. The soil column is divided into three zones: saturated, transient and dry. The variable γ is introduced to express the ratio of the saturated zone depth to the wetting front depth. A modified GA model is derived via mathematical methods, but an exact solution is difficult to obtain. Therefore, a simplified (SGA) model is developed via a segmented method. Compared with the measured results, the SGA model is more accurate than the traditional model. Finally, the model parameters are discussed and a value of γ = 0.5 is recommended.  相似文献   

Intercomparison of measurements of bulk snow density and water equivalent of snow cover with snow core samplers: Instrumental bias and variability induced by observers     

J. Ignacio López-Moreno  Leena Leppänen  Bartłomiej Luks  Ladislav Holko  Ghislain Picard  Alba Sanmiguel-Vallelado  Esteban Alonso-González  David C. Finger  Ali N. Arslan  Katalin Gillemot  Aynur Sensoy  Arda Sorman  M. Cansaran Ertaş  Steven R. Fassnacht  Charles Fierz  Christoph Marty 《水文研究》2020,34(14):3120-3133

Manually collected snow data are often considered as ground truth for many applications such as climatological or hydrological studies. However, there are many sources of uncertainty that are not quantified in detail. For the determination of water equivalent of snow cover (SWE), different snow core samplers and scales are used, but they are all based on the same measurement principle. We conducted two field campaigns with 9 samplers commonly used in observational measurements and research in Europe and northern America to better quantify uncertainties when measuring depth, density and SWE with core samplers. During the first campaign, as a first approach to distinguish snow variability measured at the plot and at the point scale, repeated measurements were taken along two 20 m long snow pits. The results revealed a much higher variability of SWE at the plot scale (resulting from both natural variability and instrumental bias) compared to repeated measurements at the same spot (resulting mostly from error induced by observers or very small scale variability of snow depth). The exceptionally homogeneous snowpack found in the second campaign permitted to almost neglect the natural variability of the snowpack properties and focus on the separation between instrumental bias and error induced by observers. Reported uncertainties refer to a shallow, homogeneous tundra-taiga snowpack less than 1 m deep (loose, mostly recrystallised snow and no wind impact). Under such measurement conditions, the uncertainty in bulk snow density estimation is about 5% for an individual instrument and is close to 10% among different instruments. Results confirmed that instrumental bias exceeded both the natural variability and the error induced by observers, even in the case when observers were not familiar with a given snow core sampler.  相似文献   

考虑土体性质的黄土震陷灾害区域性特征          下载免费PDF全文

许书雅  王平  王会娟  于一帆 《地震工程学报》2020,42(5):1194-1201

本研究在通渭、兰州、西吉、宝鸡、西安等多个西北典型黄土震陷灾害场地获取原状土样，通过对密度、含水率、孔隙比、塑液限等物理指标的测试，分析其与土体震陷性的关系；通过动弹性模量和阻尼比、动强度、震陷等室内动力特性试验，并结合大量前人研究资料，分析土体性质对岩土震陷灾害的区域性影响。结果表明：1）震陷系数与单一土体物性参数呈正相关或负相关关系，六盘山以西和以东的黄土震陷特性反映了明显的地区变化规律，在相同地震荷载作用下震害东轻西重；2）随着时间的推移，人类的活动增加，改变了土的含水率，导致土体上覆压力增大，在上覆压力的作用下，土体的初始孔隙数量有所减少，其固结程度越来越好，宏观表现为土体的易损性即震陷性减小。  相似文献   

建筑抗震实时混合试验时滞补偿方法研究综述          下载免费PDF全文

刘洪波  刘洁 《地震工程学报》2020,42(6):1361-1368

时滞补偿是建筑抗震实时混合试验的重要问题。文章对时滞补偿方法的研究进行总结，将时滞补偿方法分为基于时间的位移预测时滞补偿方法、基于反馈力的位移预测时滞补偿方法、基于加载系统模型求逆的时滞补偿方法、基于控制理论的时滞补偿方法和基于集成理念的综合补偿方法。  相似文献   

Lidar-aided analysis of boreal forest backscatter at Ku band     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2020

This paper analyzes the backscatter of the microwave signal in a boreal forest environment based on a Ku -band airborne Frequency-Modulated Continuous Waveform (FMCW) profiling radar—Tomoradar. We selected a half-managed boreal forest in the southern part of Finland for a field test. By decomposing the waveform collected by the Tomoradar, the vertical canopy structure was achieved. Based on the amplitude of the waveform, the Backscattered Energy Ratio of Canopy-to-Total (BERCT) was calculated. Meanwhile, the canopy fraction was derived from the corresponding point cloud recorded by a Velodyne VLP-16 LiDAR mounted on the same platform. Lidar-derived canopy fraction was obtained by counting the number of the first/ the strongest returns versus the total amount of returns. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of radar-derived BERCT on lidar-derived canopy fraction and canopy height are investigated. A fitted model is derived to describe the Ku-band microwave backscatter in the boreal forest to numerically analyze the proportion contributed by four factors: lidar-derived canopy fraction, radar-derived canopy height, the radar-derived distance between trees and radar sensor and other factors, from co-polarization Tomoradar measurements. The Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of the proposed model was 0.0958, and the coefficient of determination R2 was 0.912. The fitted model reveals that the correlation coefficient between radar-derived BERCT and lidar-derived canopy fraction is 0.84, which illustrates that lidar surface reflection explains the majority of the profiling /waveform radar response. Thus, vertical canopy structure derived from lidar can be used for the benefit of radar analysis.  相似文献   

Landsat时序数据支持下的藏东南植被时空变化监测     

王华  杨乾鹏  郭山川  旦增  次仁多吉 《测绘通报》2020,(11):7

本文利用GEE平台和1990—2019年巴宜区Landsat遥感影像，采用像元二分模型、相关性分析等方法分析了巴宜区植被覆盖度的时空变化特征与驱动力。研究结果表明：①1990—2019年巴宜区植被覆盖度总体呈稳中有增的趋势，其中，河谷区域增加明显，而高海拔区域相对稳定；②1990—2019年巴宜区气温呈显著升高，降水略有下降，总体呈“暖干化”，气温较降水量对植被覆盖变化更明显，但气候变化对植被覆盖变化影响总体不明显；③1990—2019年巴宜区植被覆盖变化与人类活动有很好的相关性，其中，低、中低、中、中高植被覆盖区域，呈显著的负相关，而高植被覆盖区域呈正相关。本文基于遥感大数据和地理云计算的植被覆盖监测动态监测和定量分析方法，能对高山峡谷区生态评估和演替分析提供一定的技术支撑和科学数据。  相似文献